인터넷의 급속한 발전으로 인해, 빅데이터 프라이버시는 일상 생활에서 피할 수없는 주제가 되었습니다. 능동적이든 수동적이든 우리 모두는 데이터 폭증의 시대에 들어섰습니다. 의식주 생활은 빅데이터 저장의 일부가 되었고, 우리는 인터넷 시대의 혜택을 누리는 동시, 여러 어려운 문제도 직면 하고 있습니다.
특히 다양한 유형의 데이터의 수집과 탐색은, 생산과 생활에 편리함을 제공하는 동시 개인정보의 유출 문제도 증가하고 있습니다. 지난 2 년 동안 국내 보이스피싱, 스팸 문자, 해외 Facebook "케임브리지 스캔 분석"까지, 사회 각 계층이 개인 정보 유출 문제에 대하여 점점 더 많은 관심을 기울이고 있습니다.
또한 대기업이 데이터에 대한 독점과 멋대로의 이용도 인터넷 사용자에게 큰 우려가 되고 있습니다.데이터를 보다 효과적으로 보호하는 방법과 개인이 자신의 데이터 주인으로 만드는 방법은 무엇일까? 데이터를 보다 효율적으로 사용하는 방법은 무엇일까? 이러한 문제들은 Web2.0 시대에서 시급히 해결해야 할 문제입니다.
SoterOne은 위의 문제를 네가지 도전이라고 봅니다.
(1) 우리는 서로 다른 당사자와 개인 정보를 비밀 공유하면서도 공동 컴퓨팅 및 공유 수출을 할 수 있는 방법은 무엇일까?
(2) 수학 보증으로 어떻게 개인 정보를 보호할 것 인가?
(3) 사용자 편리함을 위해 어떻게 모델링 훈련 및 예측을 수행하는 방법을 제공할 것인가?
(4) 데이터 비밀 공유 및 개인 정보 보호의 심사 및 검증 가능한다는 것을 어떻게 보장할 것인가?
전통적인 인터넷 (Web2.0) 시대에는이 문제를 해결할 수 없지만 블록체인 + 데이터 프라이버시는 위의 문제를 쉽게 해결할 수 있습니다. SoterOne의 블록체인 기술과 안전한 다자간 컴퓨팅 (MPC)의 창의적인 조합은 위의 문제를 해결하는 좋은 선택입니다.
The SoterOne ecosystem is composed of:
1) One core chain
Here in SoterOne, the core chain is a blockchain network that provides a decentralized, trusted execution environment for various privacy-preserved Dapp to execute and process. A new consensus protocol Proof of Reputation (PoR) is proposed to serve as the basis for SoterOne blockchain network.
As more traditional public chains such as ETH abandon PoW and turn to PoS. Many people may ask why SoterOne does not adopt a consensus mechanism with broad consensus. For PoW (Proof of Work), the workload proof mechanism, through a large number of HASH operations, calculates a suitable random number and produces a new block. And this is the safest way of security, but at the same time, it is also very energy-consuming.
Especially after it has entered the era of ASIC mining machines, Bitcoin's power consumption has exceeded most countries in the world. Its cumulative coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions have even ranked at the forefront of developed countries. Resources are precious. Why waste resources in such meaningless "formula calculations"? This gradually attracted big miners and formed a monopoly on high-quality mining coins. A large number of low-end miners and small miners whose overall computing power accounts for 30% of the total computing power of the entire Bitcoin network have lost their mining options in such a so-called "fair mining" environment. PoR can effectively reduce resource consumption and accept the computing power market overflowed by small miners.
Large data model training scenarios for medical research, DNA testing, and other advanced technologies such as robotics, autonomous driving technology, and space exploration also require a large amount of machine learning computing power. The PoR consensus mechanism can encourage blockchain miners to participate in safe multi-party computing and machine learning calculations to meet the above challenges as well as to achieve multiple effects. Miners can participate in mining to get incentives. Mining can also feedback the development of high-tech and other developments, which is indeed an advanced combination of blockchain and technological development.
For PoS (Proof of Stake) -- the ownership proof mechanism -- through the holding amount and holding time of the token, reduces the difficulty of the block production. This method solves the problem of energy consumption compared with PoW, but there are certain bottlenecks in security, and the system bifurcation is easy to occur.
The groundbreaking PoR algorithm perfectly solves the above problems. It effectively breaks the impossible triangle of security, efficiency, and decentralization. A dynamic balance between the impossible triangle is achieved.
PoR is designed for different targets. "Affordable" is aimed for users who want to query data. As paying users, our platform can greatly reduce their modeling costs; "verifiable" is aimed for data owners who can tell their data is used on our chain, so to verify whether the tokens they received are consistent with it; “auditable” is aimed for the regulatory authorities, which allows them to facilitate the completion of the DO/QC modeling process to protect user privacy (using Our DP and secret sharing) is audited and supervised.
How does PoR execute and motivate? Many users are paying attention to this issue.
In PoR protocol, each node has four modes, P2P node, MPC node, Validators and Leader. When the node starts, it automatically goes into P2P mode, which syncs chain state from discovered P2P nodes. Once the personal account is set, and stake in the transaction has been sent, the node will go into MPC mode and monitor events which related to it. Now it can receive computing tasks. If the tasks are computed successfully, the personal account will get a reward, but if the task cannot be computed correctly or node does not send back the result in a specific time window, the node's reputation will drop, with potential penalty of its stake in tokens.
Once the MPC node gets a high reputation score, it has the chance to be elected as a validator or leader. The leader role, besides computing, will have more responsibility such as making a new block which encapsulates transactions from its transaction pool, sending the block to other validators to validate. Once the leader collects enough validation response, the confirmation will be attached to the block, so other P2P nodes will add the block to its own chain. The validator needs to respond to any validation request as well as computing.
In our genesis block, the mining incentive will be set as 1E8 Token. The chain will make a block about one second. Mining one block can get 0.4 Token for the first 4-years, and 0.4 * ½ tokens will be rewarded for the following 4 years, and so on so forth. The incentive of mining one block will be halved for every 4 years. The 1st 4-year incentive tokens:
T 1= 0.4 x 3600 x 24 x 365 = 50457600
T 2 = 0.4 x 0.5 x 3600 x 24 x 365 = 25228800
T 3= …
T = T 1+ T 2+ T 3+ … + T n= 2x(T 1-T n+1) ≈ 2 x T 1
At the block x*N , the validation group has been formed, and we assume there are n nodes with n-1 validators and 1 leader. In the validation round x , suppose the reputation credit score for each
validator is Si, where i=1-n-1, and n is the leader. The leader has an extra factor α (α >1), and its credit scores are α ×Sn . Suppose Rb is the incentive for mining a block, each validator reward will be:
and the leader reward will be:
The mining reward will be dispatched to each node’s account at boundary block x*N + N - 1 . The node might contribute to computing too, and it can get its computing reward and reputation credit scores when the training is completed. The reputation score will impact the chance of joining the next validator group.
1) Four Smart Contracts: Query Smart Contract (QSC), Data-Smart Contract (DSC), Controller Smart Contract (CSC), and MPC Smart Contract (MSC)
Faced with the five major aspects of data: collection, sorting, summarization, query, and sharing. SoterOne views Smart Contract as an API of blockchain to the external world. Here we defined four Smart Contracts: Query Smart Contract (QSC), Data-Smart Contract (DSC), Controller Smart Contract (CSC), and MPC Smart Contract (MSC), to interact with query customers, data owners, MPC controllers, and MPC nodes respectively.
Query Smart Contract (QSC)
● To manage the interaction with the data query customers (input/output, query, modeling)
● To manage the query related business intelligence such as determining query type
● To maintain the query history
● To control the privacy budget
● To interact with DSC to determine which data owner to send the query to
Data Smart Contract (DSC)
● To manage the interaction between the data owners and the blockchain
● To manage the interaction between DSC and SoterOne SDK
● To manage the clock synchronization with a block height of the blockchain
● To mansmartage the computing script to periodically update the MPC parameters
Controller Contract(CSC)
● To interact with controller for its management command
● To manage the mapping between on-chain and off-chain data
● To manage the interaction between DSC and DB
● To manage the operation of the database
MPC Smart Contract (MSC)
● To manage the interaction between the MPC node and the blockchain
● To manage the MPC parameter
1) SoterOne SDK
SoterOne SDK: The SoterOne Software Development Kit ( SDK ) is a collection of software development tools in one installable package for SoterOne customers for security purposes. In SoterOne, customers such as data query customers and data owners have raw data that they prefer to keep on the on-premise. Before interacting with their smart contract, customers used the SoterOne SDK to encrypt the raw data via homomorphic encryption, and only send out the encrypted data to the smart contract and blockchain.
For projects that use MPC technology, MPC has been developed for more than 30 years, and the efficiency is currently improving rapidly, and it has now supported medium-to-large-scale commercial use. On the other hand, taking SoterOne as an example, its main research and development is the protection and use of private data in the entire industry chain. By eliminating the reliance on trusted servers, it allows joint learning among multiple data owners without exposing the data in plaintext, and only the data owners themselves can access their own data, which allows users to better protect their privacy.
In summary, the application of blockchain in the privacy computing industry has been relatively mature. The characteristics of large scale, diversification, and high growth rate of big data, as well as the rapid development of big data applications, have placed extremely high requirements on the user capacity, concurrency, and energy efficiency optimization of privacy protection service requests. With the emergence and application of new technologies such as 5G, the development of the big data industry will enter a new stage. The privacy computing that accompanies the development of the big data industry will certainly have greater development prospects in future. And SoterOne has already been deployed and running the leading position in the field of data protection blokchain.
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